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On 2017 August 17, the gravitational-wave event GW170817 was observed by theAdvanced LIGO and Virgo detectors, and the gamma-ray burst (GRB) GRB 170817Awas observed independently by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor, and theAnticoincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-RayAstrophysics Laboratory. The probability of the near-simultaneous temporal andspatial observation of GRB 170817A and GW170817 occurring by chance is$5.0\times 10^{-8}$. We therefore confirm binary neutron star mergers as aprogenitor of short GRBs. The association of GW170817 and GRB 170817A providesnew insight into fundamental physics and the origin of short gamma-ray bursts.We use the observed time delay of $(+1.74 \pm 0.05)\,$s between GRB 170817A andGW170817 to: (i) constrain the difference between the speed of gravity and thespeed of light to be between $-3\times 10^{-15}$ and $+7\times 10^{-16}$ timesthe speed of light, (ii) place new bounds on the violation of Lorentzinvariance, (iii) present a new test of the equivalence principle byconstraining the Shapiro delay between gravitational and electromagneticradiation. We also use the time delay to constrain the size and bulk Lorentzfactor of the region emitting the gamma rays. GRB 170817A is the closest shortGRB with a known distance, but is between 2 and 6 orders of magnitude lessenergetic than other bursts with measured redshift. A new generation ofgamma-ray detectors, and subthreshold searches in existing detectors, will beessential to detect similar short bursts at greater distances. Finally, wepredict a joint detection rate for the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor and theAdvanced LIGO and Virgo detectors of 0.1--1.4 per year during the 2018-2019observing run and 0.3--1.7 per year at design sensitivity.

Gravitational Waves and Gamma-rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A