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Direct-imaging spectra hold rich information about a planet's atmosphere andsurface, and several space-based missions aiming at such observations willbecome a reality in the near future. Previous spectral retrieval works haveresulted in key atmospheric constraints under the assumption of a gray surface,but the effect of wavelength-dependent surface albedo on retrieval has not beenshown. We explore the influence of the coupling effect of cloud andwavelength-dependent surface albedo on retrieval performance via modelingsuites of Earth-like atmospheres with varying cloud and surface albedoparameterizations. Under the assumption of known cloud scattering properties,the surface spectral albedos can be reasonably recovered when the surface coverrepresents that of Earth-like vegetation or ocean, which may aid incharacterizing the planet's habitability. When the cloud scattering propertiescannot be assumed, we show that the degeneracy between the cloud properties andwavelength-dependent surface albedo leads to biased results of atmospheric andcloud properties. The multi-epoch visible band observations offer limitedimprovement in disentangling this degeneracy. However, the constraints onatmospheric properties from the combination of UV band (R $\sim 6$) $+$ visibleband (R $\sim 140$) are consistent with input values to within 1 $\sigma$. Ifshort bandpass data is not available, an alternative solution to reduce theretrieval uncertainties would be to have the prior constraints on planetarycloud fraction with less than 20% uncertainty.

astrophysical journal/the astrophysical journal

Unveiling non-gray surface of cloudy exoplanets: the influence of  wavelength-dependent surface albedo and cloud scattering properties on  retrieval solutions