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The statistical distributions of active galactic nuclei (AGN), i.e. accretingsupermassive black holes (BHs), in mass, space and time, are controlled by aseries of key properties, namely the BH-galaxy scaling relations, Eddingtonratio distributions and fraction of active BHs (duty cycle). Shedding light onthese properties yields strong constraints on the AGN triggering mechanismswhilst providing a clear baseline to create useful mock catalogues for theplanning of large galaxy surveys. We here delineate a robust methodology tocreate mock AGN catalogs built on top of large N-body dark matter simulationsvia state-of-the-art semi-empirical models. We show that by using asindependent tests the AGN clustering at fixed X-ray luminosity, galaxy stellarmass and BH mass, along with the fraction of AGN in groups and clusters, it ispossible to significantly narrow down the choice in the relation between blackhole mass and host galaxy stellar mass, the duty cycle, and the averageEddington ratio distribution, delivering well-suited constraints to guidecosmological models for the co-evolution of BHs and galaxies. Avoiding such astep-by-step methodology inevitably leads to strong degeneracies in the finalmock catalogs, severely limiting their usefulness in understanding AGNevolution and in survey planning and testing.

Building robust AGN mock catalogs to unveil black hole evolution and for survey planning