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How and when did galaxies form and assemble their stars and stellar mass? Theanswer to these questions, so crucial to astrophysics and cosmology, requiresthe full reconstruction of the so called cosmic star formation rate density(SFRD), i.e. the evolution of the average star formation rate per unit volumeof the universe. While the SFRD has been reliably traced back to 10-11 billionyears ago, its evolution is still poorly constrained at earlier cosmic epochs,and its estimate is mainly based on galaxies luminous in the ultraviolet andwith low obscuration by dust. This limited knowledge is largely due to the lackof an unbiased census of all types of star-forming galaxies in the earlyuniverse. We present a new approach to find dust-obscured star-forming galaxiesbased on their emission at radio wavelengths coupled with the lack of opticalcounterparts. Here, we present a sample of 197 galaxies selected with thismethod. These systems were missed by previous surveys at optical andnear-infrared wavelengths, and 22 of them are at very high redshift (i.e. z >4.5). The contribution of these elusive systems to the SFRD is substantial andcan be as high as 40% of the previously known SFRD based on UV-luminousgalaxies. The mere existence of such heavily obscured galaxies in the first twobillion years after the Big Bang opens new avenues to investigate the earlyphases of galaxy formation and evolution, and to understand the links betweenthese systems and the massive galaxies which ceased their star formation atlater cosmic times.

Illuminating the dark side of cosmic star formation two billion years after the Big Bang