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The use of Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) as cosmological tools has motivatedsignificant effort to: understand what drives the intrinsic scatter of SN Iadistance modulus residuals after standardization, characterize the distributionof SN Ia colors, and explain why properties of the host galaxies of the SNecorrelate with SN Ia distance modulus residuals. We use a compiled sample of$\sim1450$ spectroscopically confirmed, photometric light-curves of SN Ia andpropose a solution to these three problems simultaneously that also explains anempirical 11$\sigma$ detection of the dependence of Hubble residual scatter onSN Ia color. We introduce a physical model of color where intrinsic SN Iacolors with a relatively weak correlation with luminosity are combined withextrinsic dust-like colors ($E(B-V)$) with a wide range of extinction parametervalues ($R_V$). This model captures the observed trends of Hubble residualscatter and indicates that the dominant component of SN Ia intrinsic scatter isfrom variation in $R_V$. We also find that the recovered $E(B-V)$ and $R_V$distributions differ based on global host-galaxy stellar mass and this explainsthe observed correlation ($\gamma$) between mass and Hubble residuals seen inpast analyses as well as an observed 4.5$\sigma$ dependence of $\gamma$ on SNIa color. This finding removes any need to prescribe different intrinsicluminosities to different progenitor systems. Finally we measure biases in theequation-of-state of dark energy ($w$) up to $|\Delta w|=0.04$ by replacingprevious models of SN color with our dust-based model; this bias is larger thanany systematic uncertainty in previous SN Ia cosmological analyses.

It's Dust: Solving the Mysteries of the Intrinsic Scatter and Host-Galaxy Dependence of Standardized Type Ia Supernova Brightnesses