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The Maunder Minimum (1645-1715) is currently considered the only grandminimum within telescopic sunspot observations since 1610. During this epoch,the Sun was extremely quiet and unusually free from sunspots. However, despitereduced frequency, candidate aurorae were reported in the mid-European sectorduring this period and have been associated with occurrences of interplanetarycoronal mass ejections (ICMEs), whereas some of them have been identified asmisinterpretations. Here, we have analysed reports of candidate aurorae on 1June 1680 with simultaneous observations in mid-Europe, and compared theirdescriptions with visual accounts of early modern aurorae. Most contemporarysunspot drawings from 22, 24, and 27 May 1680 have shown that this apparentsunspot may have been a source of ICMEs, which caused the reported candidateaurorae. On the other hand, its intensity estimate shows that the magneticstorm during this candidate aurora was probably within the capability of thestorms derived from the corotating interaction region (CIR). Therefore, weaccommodate both ICMEs and CIRs as their possible origin. This interpretationis probably applicable to the candidate aurorae in the often-cited Hungariancatalogue, on the basis of the reconstructed margin of their equatorwardauroral boundary. Moreover, this catalogue itself has clarified that theconsiderable candidates during the MM were probably misinterpretations.Therefore, frequency of the auroral visibility in Hungary was probably lowerthan previously considered and agree more with the generally slow solar wind inthe existing reconstructions, whereas sporadic occurrences of sunspots andcoronal holes still caused occasional geomagnetic storms.

Candidate Auroral Observations during the Major Solar-Terrestrial Storm in May 1680: Implication for Space Weather Events during the Maunder Minimum