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About half of nearby galaxies have a central surface brightness >1 magnitudebelow that of the sky. The overall properties of these low-surface-brightnessgalaxies (LSBGs) remain understudied, and in particular we know very littleabout their massive black hole population. This gap must be closed to determinethe frequency of massive black holes at z=0 as well as to understand their rolein regulating galaxy evolution. Here we investigate the incidence and intensityof nuclear, accretion-powered X-ray emission in a sample of 32 nearby LSBGswith the Chandra X-ray Observatory. A nuclear X-ray source is detected in 4galaxies (12.5%). Based on an X-ray binary contamination assessment techniquedeveloped for normal galaxies, we conclude that the detected X-ray nucleiindicate low-level accretion from massive black holes. The active fraction isconsistent with that expected from the stellar mass distribution of the LSBGs,but not their total baryonic mass, when using a scaling relation from anunbiased X-ray survey of normal galaxies. This suggests that their black holesco-evolved with their stellar population. In addition, the apparent agreementnearly doubles the number of galaxies available within ~100 Mpc for which ameasurement of nuclear activity can efficiently constrain the frequency ofblack holes as a function of stellar mass. We conclude by discussing thefeasibility of measuring this occupation fraction to a few percent precisionbelow 1e10 solar masses with high-resolution, wide-field X-ray missionscurrently under consideration.

astrophysical journal/the astrophysical journal

Nuclear X-ray Activity in Low-Surface-Brightness Galaxies: Prospects for  Constraining the Local Black Hole Occupation Fraction with a Chandra  Successor Mission