English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Using the deepest 1.2 mm continuum map to date in the Hubble Ultra Deep Fieldobtained as part of the ALMA Spectroscopic Survey (ASPECS) large program, wemeasure the cosmic density of dust and implied gas (H$_{2}+$H I) mass ingalaxies as a function of look-back time. We do so by stacking the contributionfrom all $H$-band selected galaxies above a given stellar mass in distinctredshift bins, $\rho_{\rm dust}(M_\ast>M,z)$ and $\rho_{\rm gas}(M_\ast>M,z)$.At all redshifts, $\rho_{\rm dust}(M_\ast>M,z)$ and $\rho_{\rmgas}(M_\ast>M,z)$ grow rapidly as $M$ decreases down to $10^{10}\,M_\odot$, butthis growth slows down towards lower stellar masses. This flattening impliesthat at our stellar mass-completeness limits ($10^8\,M_\odot$ and$10^{8.9}\,M_\odot$ at $z\sim0.4$ and $z\sim3$), both quantities convergetowards the total cosmic dust and gas mass densities in galaxies. The cosmicdust and gas mass densities increase at early cosmic time, peak around$z\sim2$, and decrease by a factor $\sim4$ and 7, compared to the density ofdust and molecular gas in the local universe, respectively. The contribution ofquiescent galaxies -- i.e., with little on-going star-formation -- to thecosmic dust and gas mass densities is minor ($\lesssim10\%$). The redshiftevolution of the cosmic gas mass density resembles that of the star-formationrate density, as previously found by CO-based measurements. This confirms thatgalaxies have relatively constant star-formation efficiencies (within a factor$\sim2$) across cosmic time. Our results also imply that by $z\sim0$, a largefraction ($\sim90\%$) of dust formed in galaxies across cosmic time has beendestroyed or ejected to the intergalactic medium.

The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: The Cosmic Dust and Gas Mass Densities in Galaxies up to $z\sim3$