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The habitable fraction of a planet's surface is important for thedetectability of surface biosignatures. The extent and distribution ofhabitable areas is influenced by external parameters that control the planet'sclimate, atmospheric circulation, and hydrological cycle. We explore theseissues using the ROCKE-3D General Circulation Model, focusing on terrestrialwater fluxes and thus the potential for the existence of complex life on land.Habitability is examined as a function of insolation and planet rotation for anEarth-like world with zero obliquity and eccentricity orbiting the Sun. Weassess fractional habitability using an aridity index that measures the netsupply of water to the land. Earth-like planets become ``superhabitable'' (alarger habitable surface area than Earth) as insolation and day-length increasebecause their climates become more equable, reminiscent of past warm periods onEarth when complex life was abundant and widespread. The most slowly rotating,most highly irradiated planets, though, occupy a hydrological regime unlike anyon Earth, with extremely warm, humid conditions at high latitudes but littlerain and subsurface water storage. Clouds increasingly obscure the surface asinsolation increases, but visibility improves for modest increases in rotationperiod. Thus, moderately slowly rotating rocky planets with insolation near orsomewhat greater than modern Earth's appear to be promising targets for surfacecharacterization by a future direct imaging mission.

Climates of Warm Earth-Like Planets III: Fractional Habitability from a Water Cycle Perspective