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Several concepts for heliospheric missions operating at heliocentricdistances far beyond Earth orbit are currently investigated by the scientificcommunity. The mission concept of the Interstellar Probe (McNutt et al. 2018),e.g., aims at reaching a distance of 1000 au away from the Sun within thiscentury. This would allow the coming generation to obtain a global view of ourheliosphere from an outside vantage point by measuring the Energetic NeutralAtoms (ENAs) originating from the various plasma regions. It would also allowfor direct sampling of unperturbed interstellar medium, and for manyobservation opportunities beyond heliospheric science, such as visits to KuiperBelt Objects, a comprehensive view on the interplanetary dust populations, andinfrared astronomy free from the foreground emission of the Zodiacal cloud.  In this study, we present a simple empirical model of ENAs from theheliosphere and derive basic requirements for ENA instrumentation onboard aspacecraft at great heliocentric distances. We consider the full energy rangeof heliospheric ENAs from 10 eV to 100 keV because each part of the energyspectrum has its own merits for heliospheric science. To cover the full ENAenergy range, two or three different ENA instruments are needed. Thanks toparallax observations, some insights about the nature of the IBEX Ribbon andthe dimensions of the heliosphere can already be gained by ENA imaging from afew au heliocentric distance. To directly reveal the global shape of theheliosphere, measurements from outside the heliosphere are, of course, the bestoption.

astrophysical journal/the astrophysical journal

An empirical model of Energetic Neutral Atom imaging of the heliosphere  and its implications for future heliospheric missions at great heliocentric  distances