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PSR J1023+0038 is the first millisecond pulsar discovered to pulsate in thevisible band; such a detection took place when the pulsar was surrounded by anaccretion disk and also showed X-ray pulsations. We report on the first hightime resolution observational campaign of this transitional pulsar in the diskstate, using simultaneous observations in the optical (TNG, NOT, TJO), X-ray(XMM-Newton, NuSTAR, NICER), infrared (GTC) and UV (Swift) bands. Optical andX-ray pulsations were detected simultaneously in the X-ray high intensity modein which the source spends $\sim$ 70% of the time, and both disappeared in thelow mode, indicating a common underlying physical mechanism. In addition,optical and X-ray pulses were emitted within a few km, had similar pulse shapeand distribution of the pulsed flux density compatible with a power-lawrelation $F_{\nu} \propto \nu^{-0.7}$ connecting the optical and the 0.3-45 keVX-ray band. Optical pulses were detected also during flares with a pulsed fluxreduced by one third with respect to the high mode; the lack of a simultaneousdetection of X-ray pulses is compatible with the lower photon statistics. Weshow that magnetically channeled accretion of plasma onto the surface of theneutron star cannot account for the optical pulsed luminosity ($\sim 10^{31}$erg/s). On the other hand, magnetospheric rotation-powered pulsar emissionwould require an extremely efficient conversion of spin-down power into pulsedoptical and X-ray emission. We then propose that optical and X-ray pulses areinstead produced by synchrotron emission from the intrabinary shock that formswhere a striped pulsar wind meets the accretion disk, within a few lightcylinder radii away, $\sim$ 100 km, from the pulsar.

astrophysical journal/the astrophysical journal

Pulsating in unison at optical and X-ray energies: simultaneous  high-time resolution observations of the transitional millisecond pulsar PSR  J1023+0038