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Exploring diverse planetary atmospheres requires modeling tools that are bothaccurate and flexible. Here, we develop a three-dimensional general circulationmodel (3D GCM) that for the first time uses a line-by-line approach to describethe radiative transfer. We validate our GCM by comparing with published resultsdone by different 1D and 3D models. To demonstrate the versatility of themodel, we apply the GCM to the hot Earth-sized exoplanet GJ 1132b and study itsclimate and circulation assuming an atmosphere dominated by abiotic oxygen(O$_2$). Our simulations show that a minor CO$_2$ composition can change thecirculation pattern substantially, intensifying the equatorial superrotation inparticular. Computation of the phase-resolved spectroscopy indicates that thevertical profile of the superrotating jet could be inferred in futurespectro-photometric observations by the phase shift of the hotspot in theCO$_2$ principle absorption band centered at 667 cm$^{-1}$. We also show thatatmospheric mass could potentially be constrained by the phase amplitude in theO$_2$ vibrational fundamental band for planets with O$_2$-rich atmospheres,although further experimental and/or theoretical O$_2$-O$_2$ collision-inducedabsorption data at high temperatures is needed to confirm this. More physicalschemes such as moist dynamics will be implemented in the GCM in the future sothat it can be used to tackle a wide variety of planetary climate problems.

astrophysical journal/the astrophysical journal

A New Line-By-Line General Circulation Model for Simulations of Diverse  Planetary Atmospheres: Initial Validation and Application to the Exoplanet GJ  1132b