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The gas temperature in protoplanetary disks (PPDs) is determined by acombination of irradiation heating and accretion heating, with the latterconventionally attributed to turbulent dissipation. However, recent studieshave suggested that the inner disk (a few AU) is largely laminar, withaccretion primarily driven by magnetized disk winds, as a result of nonidealmagnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects from weakly ionized gas, suggesting analternative heating mechanism by Joule dissipation. We perform local stratifiedMHD simulations including all three nonideal MHD effects (ohmic, Hall, andambipolar diffusion) and investigate the role of Joule heating and theresulting disk vertical temperature profiles. We find that in the inner disk,as ohmic and ambipolar diffusion strongly suppress electrical current aroundthe midplane, Joule heating primarily occurs at several scale heights above themidplane, making the midplane temperature much lower than that with theconventional viscous heating model. Including the Hall effect, Joule heating isenhanced/reduced when the magnetic fields threading the disks arealigned/anti-aligned with the disk rotation, but it is overall ineffective. Ourresults further suggest that the midplane temperature in the inner PPDs isalmost entirely determined by irradiation heating, unless viscous heating cantrigger thermal ionization in the disk innermost region to self-sustainmagnetorotational instability turbulence.

Temperature Structure in the Inner Regions of Protoplanetary Disks: Inefficient Accretion Heating Controlled by Nonideal Magnetohydrodynamics