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We introduce SimBAL, a novel spectral-synthesis procedure that uses largegrids of ionic column densities generated by the photoionization code Cloudyand a Bayesian model calibration to forward-model broad absorption line quasarspectra. We used SimBAL to analyze the HST COS spectrum of the low-redshiftBALQ SDSS J085053.12+445122.5. SimBAL analysis yielded velocity-resolvedinformation about the physical conditions of the absorbing gas. We found thatthe ionization parameter and column density increase, and the covering fractiondecreases as a function of velocity. The total log column density is 22.9(22.4) [cm^-2] for solar (Z=3Z_\odot) metallicity. The outflow lies 1--3parsecs from the central engine, consistent with the estimated location of thetorus. The mass outflow rate is 17--28 M_\odot yr^-1, the momentum flux isconsistent with L_Bol/c, and the ratio of the kinematic to bolometricluminosity is 0.8--0.9%. The outflow velocity is similar to the escape velocityat the absorber's location, and force multiplier analysis indicates that partof the outflow could originate in resonance-line driving. The location near thetorus suggests that dust scattering may play a role in the acceleration,although the lack of reddening in this UV-selected object indictes a relativelydust-free line of sight. The low accretion rate (0.06 L_Edd) and compactoutflow suggests that SDSS~J0850+4451 might be a quasar past its era offeedback, although since its mass outflow is about 8 times the accretion rate,the wind is likely integral to the accretion physics of the central engine.

The z=0.54 LoBAL Quasar SDSS J085053.12+445122.5: I. Spectral Synthesis Analysis Reveals a Massive Outflow