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Detection of the IceCube-170922A neutrino coincident with the flaring blazarTXS 0506+056, the first and only 3-sigma high-energy neutrino sourceassociation to date, offers a potential breakthrough in our understanding ofhigh-energy cosmic particles and blazar physics. We present a comprehensiveanalysis of TXS 0506+056 during its flaring state, using newly collected Swift,NuSTAR, and X-shooter data with Fermi observations and numerical models toconstrain the blazar's particle acceleration processes and multimessenger(electromagnetic and high-energy neutrino) emissions. Accounting properly forelectromagnetic cascades in the emission region, we find aphysically-consistent picture only within a hybrid leptonic scenario, withgamma-rays produced by external inverse-Compton processes and high-energyneutrinos via a radiatively-subdominant hadronic component. We derive robustconstraints on the blazar's neutrino and cosmic-ray emissions and demonstratethat, because of cascade effects, the 0.1-100keV emissions of TXS 0506+056serve as a better probe of its hadronic acceleration and high-energy neutrinoproduction processes than its GeV-TeV emissions. If the IceCube neutrinoassociation holds, physical conditions in the TXS 0506+056 jet must be close tooptimal for high-energy neutrino production, and are not favorable forultra-high-energy cosmic-ray acceleration. Alternatively, the challenges weidentify in generating a significant rate of IceCube neutrino detections fromTXS 0506+056 may disfavor single-zone models. In concert with continuedoperations of the high-energy neutrino observatories, we advocate regular X-raymonitoring of TXS 0506+056 and other blazars in order to test single-zoneblazar emission models, clarify the nature and extent of their hadronicacceleration processes, and carry out the most sensitive possible search foradditional multimessenger sources.

A Multimessenger Picture of the Flaring Blazar TXS 0506+056: implications for High-Energy Neutrino Emission and Cosmic Ray Acceleration