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We present the first comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the rest-frame UVspectroscopic properties of star-forming galaxies at z ~ 2-4. We match samplesat different redshifts in UV luminosity and stellar mass, and performsystematic measurements of spectral features and stellar population modeling.By creating composite spectra grouped according to Ly$\alpha$ equivalent width(EW), and various galaxy properties, we study the evolutionary trends amongLy$\alpha$, low- and high-ionization interstellar (LIS and HIS) absorptionfeatures, and integrated galaxy properties. We also examine the redshiftevolution of Ly$\alpha$ and LIS absorption kinematics, and fine-structureemission EWs. The connections among the strengths of Ly$\alpha$, LIS lines, anddust extinction are redshift-independent, as is the decoupling of Ly$\alpha$and HIS line strengths, and the bulk outflow kinematics as traced by LIS lines.Stronger Ly$\alpha$ emission is observed at higher redshift at fixed UVluminosity, stellar mass, SFR, and age. Much of this variation in averageLy$\alpha$ strength with redshift, and the variation in Ly$\alpha$ strength atfixed redshift, can be explained in terms of variations in neutral gas coveringfraction and/or dust content in the ISM and CGM. However, based on theconnection between Ly$\alpha$ and CIII] emission strengths, we additionallyfind evidence for variations in the intrinsic production rate of Ly$\alpha$photons at the highest Ly$\alpha$ EWs. The challenge now is to understand theobserved evolution in neutral gas covering fraction and dust extinction withina coherent model for galaxy formation, and make robust predictions for theescape of ionizing radiation at z > 6.

The redshift evolution of rest-UV spectroscopic properties in Lyman Break Galaxies at z ~ 2-4