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We investigate the effects of interactions between ions and neutrals on thechromosphere and overlying corona using 2.5D radiative MHD simulations with theBifrost code. We have extended the code capabilities implementing ion-neutralinteraction effects using the Generalized Ohm's Law, i.e., we include the Hallterm and the ambipolar diffusion (Pedersen dissipation) in the inductionequation. Our models span from the upper convection zone to the corona, withthe photosphere, chromosphere and transition region partially ionized. Oursimulations reveal that the interactions between ionized particles and neutralparticles have important consequences for the magneto-thermodynamics of thesemodeled layers: 1) ambipolar diffusion increases the temperature in thechromosphere; 2) sporadically the horizontal magnetic field in the photosphereis diffused into the chromosphere due to the large ambipolar diffusion; 3)ambipolar diffusion concentrates electrical currents leading to more violentjets and reconnection processes, resulting in 3a) the formation of longer andfaster spicules, 3b) heating of plasma during the spicule evolution, and 3c)decoupling of the plasma and magnetic field in spicules. Our results indicatethat ambipolar diffusion is a critical ingredient for understanding themagneto-thermo-dynamic properties in the chromosphere and transition region.The numerical simulations have been made publicly available, similar toprevious Bifrost simulations. This will allow the community to study realisticnumerical simulations with a wider range of magnetic field configurations andphysics modules than previously possible.

astrophysical journal/the astrophysical journal

Two-dimensional Radiative Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Partial  Ionization in the Chromosphere. II. Dynamics and Energetics of the Low Solar  Atmosphere