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Classification of stars, by comparing their optical spectra to a few dozenspectral standards, has been a workhorse of observational astronomy for morethan a century. Here, we extend this technique by compiling a library ofoptical spectra of 404 touchstone stars observed with Keck/HIRES by theCalifornia Planet Search. The spectra are high-resolution (R~60000), highsignal-to-noise (SNR~150/pixel), and registered onto a common wavelength scale.The library stars have properties derived from interferometry,asteroseismology, LTE spectral synthesis, and spectrophotometry. To address alack of well-characterized late K-dwarfs in the literature, we measure stellarradii and temperatures for 23 nearby K-dwarfs, using SED modeling and Gaiaparallaxes. This library represents a uniform dataset spanning the spectraltypes ~M5--F1 (Teff ~ 3000-7000K, Rstar ~ 0.1-1.6 Rsun). We also present"Empirical SpecMatch" (SpecMatch-Emp), a tool for parameterizing unknownspectra by comparing them against our spectral library. For FGKM stars,SpecMatch-Emp achieves accuracies of 100 K in effective temperature (Teff), 15%in stellar radius (Rstar), and 0.09 dex in metallicity [Fe/H]. Because the coderelies on empirical spectra it performs particularly well for stars ~K4 andlater which are challenging to model with existing spectral synthesizers,reaching accuracies of 70 K in Teff, 10% in Rstar, and 0.12 dex in [Fe/H]. Wealso validate the performance of SpecMatch-Emp, finding it to be robust atlower spectral resolution and SNR, enabling the characterization of faintlate-type stars. Both the library and stellar characterization code arepublicly available.

Precision Stellar Characterization of FGKM Stars using an Empirical Spectral Library