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Ultra-short period planets provide a window into the inner edge of theparameter space occupied by planetary orbits. In one particularly intriguingclass of multi-planet systems, the ultra-short period planet is flanked byshort-period companions, and the outer planets occupy a discernibly distinctdynamical state. In the observational database, this phenomenon is representedby a small number of stars hosting systems of tightly packed co-planar planetsas well as an ultra-short period planet, whose orbit of is misaligned relativeto the mutual plane of the former. In this work, we explore two differentmechanisms that can produce an ultra-short period planet that is misalignedwith the rest of its compact planetary system: natural decoupling between theinner and outer system via the stellar quadrupole moment, and decoupling forcedby an external companion with finely-tuned orbital parameters. These twoprocesses operate with different timescales, and can thus occur simultaneously.In this work, we use the K2-266 system as an illustrative example to elucidatethe dynamics of these two processes, and highlight the types of constraintsthat may arise regarding the dynamical histories of systems hosting ultra-shortperiod planets.

The Origin of Systems of Tightly Packed Inner Planets with Misaligned, Ultra-Short-Period Companions