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We obtained the first maps of Jupiter at 1-3 mm wavelength with the AtacamaLarge Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) on 3-5 January 2017, just daysafter an energetic eruption at 16.5S jovigraphic latitude had been reported bythe amateur community, and about 2-3 months after the detection of similarlyenergetic eruptions in the northern hemisphere, at 22.2-23.0N. Ourobservations, probing below the ammonia cloud deck, show that the eruptingplumes in the SEB bring up ammonia gas from the deep atmosphere. While modelsof plume eruptions that are triggered at the water condensation level explaindata taken at uv-visible and mid-infrared wavelengths, our ALMA observationsprovide a crucial, hitherto missing, link in the moist convection theory byshowing that ammonia gas from the deep atmosphere is indeed brought up in theseplumes. Contemporaneous HST data show that the plumes reach altitudes as highas the tropopause. We suggest that the plumes at 22.2-23.0N also rise up wellabove the ammonia cloud deck, and that descending air may dry the neighboringbelts even more than in quiescent times, which would explain our observationsin the north.

First ALMA Millimeter Wavelength Maps of Jupiter, with a Multi-Wavelength Study of Convection