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In the near-future, atmospheric characterization of Earth-like planets in thehabitable zone will become possible via reflectance spectroscopy with futuretelescopes such as the proposed LUVOIR and HabEx missions. While previousstudies have considered the effect of clouds on the reflectance spectra ofEarth-like planets, the molecular detectability considering a wide range ofcloud properties has not been previously explored in detail. In this study, weexplore the effect of cloud altitude and coverage on the reflectance spectra ofEarth-like planets at different geological epochs and examine the detectabilityof $\mathrm{O_2}$, $\mathrm{H_2O}$, and $\mathrm{CH_4}$ with test parametersfor the future mission concept, LUVOIR, using a coronagraph noise simulatorpreviously designed for WFIRST-AFTA. Considering an Earth-like planet locatedat 5 pc away, we have found that for the proposed LUVOIR telescope, thedetection of the $\mathrm{O_2}$ A-band feature (0.76 $\mathrm{\mu}$m) will takeapproximately 100, 30, and 10 hours for the majority of the cloud parameterspace modeled for the atmospheres with 10\%, 50\%, and 100\% of modern EarthO$_2$ abundances, respectively. Especially, for {the case of $\gtrsim 50$\%} ofmodern Earth O$_2$ abundance, the feature will be detectable with integrationtime $\lesssim 10$ hours as long as there are lower altitude ($\lesssim 8$ km)clouds with a global coverage of $\gtrsim 20\%$. For the 1\% of modern Earth$\mathrm{O_2}$ abundance case, however, it will take more than 100 hours forall the cloud parameters we modeled.

the astronomical journal

Theoretical Reflectance Spectra of Earth-Like Planets through Their  Evolutions: Impact of Clouds on the Detectability of Oxygen, Water, and  Methane with Future Direct Imaging Missions