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For future human missions to Mars, it is important to study the surfaceradiation environment during extreme and elevated conditions. In the long term,it is mainly Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) modulated by solar activity thatcontributes to the radiation on the surface of Mars, but intense solarenergetic particle (SEP) events may induce acute health effects. Such eventsmay enhance the radiation level significantly and should be detected asimmediately as possible to prevent severe damage to humans and equipment.However, the energetic particle environment on the Martian surface issignificantly different from that in deep space due to the influence of theMartian atmosphere. Depending on the intensity and shape of the original solarparticle spectra as well as particle types, the surface spectra may induceentirely different radiation effects. In order to give immediate and accuratealerts while avoiding unnecessary ones, it is important to model and wellunderstand the atmospheric effect on the incoming SEPs including both protonsand helium ions. In this paper, we have developed a generalized approach toquickly model the surface response of any given incoming proton/helium ionspectra and have applied it to a set of historical large solar events thusproviding insights into the possible variety of surface radiation environmentsthat may be induced during SEP events. Based on the statistical study of morethan 30 significant solar events, we have obtained an empirical model forestimating the surface dose rate directly from the intensities of a power-lawSEP spectra.

A generalized approach to model the spectra and radiation dose rate of solar particle events on the surface of Mars