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We report a detailed characterization of the Kepler-19 system. This star waspreviously known to host a transiting planet with a period of 9.29 days, aradius of 2.2 R$_\oplus$ and an upper limit on the mass of 20 M$_\oplus$. Thepresence of a second, non-transiting planet was inferred from the transit timevariations (TTVs) of Kepler-19b, over 8 quarters of Kepler photometry, althoughneither mass nor period could be determined. By combining new TTVs measurementsfrom all the Kepler quarters and 91 high-precision radial velocities obtainedwith the HARPS-N spectrograph, we measured through dynamical simulations a massof $8.4 \pm 1.6$ M$_\oplus$ for Kepler-19b. From the same data, assuming systemcoplanarity, we determined an orbital period of 28.7 days and a mass of $13.1\pm 2.7$ M$_\oplus$ for Kepler-19c and discovered a Neptune-like planet with amass of $20.3 \pm 3.4$ M$_\oplus$ on a 63 days orbit. By comparing dynamicalsimulations with non-interacting Keplerian orbits, we concluded that neglectinginteractions between planets may lead to systematic errors that could hamperthe precision in the orbital parameters when the dataset spans several years.With a density of $4.32 \pm 0.87$ g cm$^{-3}$ ($0.78 \pm 0.16$ $\rho_\oplus$)Kepler-19b belongs to the group of planets with a rocky core and a significantfraction of volatiles, in opposition to low-density planets characterized bytransit-time variations only and the increasing number of rocky planets withEarth-like density. Kepler-19 joins the small number of systems that reconciletransit timing variation and radial velocity measurements.

the astronomical journal

The Kepler-19 system: a thick-envelope super-Earth with two Neptune-mass  companions characterized using Radial Velocities and Transit Timing  Variations