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Stellar rotation, age spread and binary stars are thought to be three mostpossible causes of the peculiar color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of some starclusters, which exhibit extended main-sequence turn-offs (eMSTOs). It is farfrom getting a clear answer. This paper studies the effects of three abovecauses on the CMDs of star clusters systematically. A rapid stellarevolutionary code and a recently published database of rotational effects ofsingle stars have been used, via an advanced stellar population synthesistechnique. As a result, we find a consistent result for rotation to recentworks, which suggests that rotation is able to explain, at least partially, theeMSTOs of clusters, if clusters are not too old ($<$ 2.0\,Gyr). In addition, anage spread of 200 to 500\,Myr reproduces extended turn-offs for all clustersyounger than 2.5\,Gyr, in particular, for those younger than 2.2\,Gyr. Agespread also results in extended red clumps (eRCs) for clusters younger than0.5\,Gyr. The younger the clusters, the clearer the eRC structures. Moreover,it is shown that binaries (including interactive binaries) affect the spread ofMSTO slightly for old clusters, but they can contribute to the eMSTOs ofclusters younger than 0.5\,Gyr. Our result suggests a possible way todisentangle the roles of stellar rotation and age spread, i.e., checking theexistence of CMDs with both eMSTO and eRC in clusters younger than 0.5\,Gyr.

A systematic study of effects of stellar rotation, age spread and binaries on color-magnitude diagrams with extended main-sequence turn-offs