English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

We explore whether close-in super-Earths were formed as rocky bodies thatfailed to grow fast enough to become the cores of gas giants before the natalprotostellar disk dispersed. We model the failed cores' inward orbitalmigration in the low-mass or type I regime, to stopping points at distanceswhere the tidal interaction with the protostellar disk applies zero net torque.The three kinds of migration traps considered are those due to the dead zone'souter edge, the ice line, and the transition from accretion to starlight as thedisk's main heat source. As the disk disperses, the traps move toward finalpositions near or just outside 1~au. Planets at this location exceeding about3~M$_\oplus$ open a gap, decouple from their host trap, and migrate inward inthe high-mass or type II regime to reach the vicinity of the star. Wesynthesize the population of planets formed in this scenario, finding that somefraction of the observed super-Earths can be failed cores. Most super-Earthsformed this way have more than 4~M$_\oplus$, so their orbits when the diskdisperses are governed by type II migration. These planets have solid coressurrounded by gaseous envelopes. Their subsequent photoevaporative mass loss ismost effective for masses originally below about 6 M$_\oplus$. The failed corescenario suggests a division of the observed super-Earth mass-radius diagraminto five zones according to the inferred formation history.

Super-Earths as Failed Cores in Orbital Migration Traps