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Diffuse star clusters (DSCs) are old and dynamically hot stellar systems thathave lower surface brightness and more extended morphology than globularclusters (GCs). Using the images from HST/ACS Fornax Cluster Survey, we findthat 12 out of 43 early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the Fornax cluster hostsignificant numbers of DSCs. Together with literature data from the HST/ACSVirgo Cluster Survey, where 18 out of 100 ETGs were found to host DSCs, wesystematically study the relationship of DSCs with GCs, and their host galaxyenvironment. Two DSC hosts are post-merger galaxies, with most of the otherhosts either having low mass or showing clear disk components. We find thatwhile the number ratio of DSCs to GCs is nearly constant in massive galaxies,the DSC-to-GC ratio becomes systematically higher in lower mass hosts. Thissuggests that DSCs may be more efficient at forming (or surviving) in lowdensity environments. DSC hosts are not special either in their position in thecluster, or in the galactic color-magnitude diagram. Why some disk and low-massgalaxies host DSCs while others do not is still a puzzle, however. The meanages of DSC hosts and non-hosts are similar at similar masses, implying thatformation efficiency, rather than survival, is the reason behind different DSCnumber fractions in early-type galaxies.

The ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. XII. Diffuse Star Clusters in Early-type Galaxies