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The Universe's largest galaxy clusters likely built the majority of theirmassive $>10^{11} M_\odot$ galaxies in simultaneous, short-lived bursts ofactivity well before virialization. This conclusion is reached from emergingdatasets on $z>2$ proto-clusters and the characteristics of their membergalaxies, in particular, rare starbursts and ultraluminous active galacticnuclei (AGN). The most challenging observational hurdle in identifying suchstructures is their very large volumes, $\sim10^{4}$ comoving Mpc$^3$ at $z>2$,subtending areas $\sim$half a degree on the sky. Thus the contrast afforded byan overabundance of very rare galaxies in comparison to the background can moreeasily distinguish overdense structures from the surrounding, normal densityfield. Five $2<z<3$ proto-clusters from the literature are discussed in detailand are found to contain up to 12 dusty starbursts or luminous AGN galaxieseach, a phenomenon that is unlikely to occur by chance even in overdenseenvironments. Measurements of gas depletion times suggest that they are indeedshort-lived on $\sim$100 Myr timescales, and the probability of finding astructure containing more than 8 such systems is $\sim$0.2\%, unless their`triggering' is correlated on very large spatial scales, $\sim$10 Mpc across.The volume density of starburst-rich proto-clusters is found to be comparableto all $>10^{15} M_\odot$ galaxy clusters in the nearby Universe, a factor offive larger than expected in some simulations. Some tension yet exists betweenmeasurements of their volume density of starburst-rich proto-clusters and theexpectation that they are generated via short-lived episodes. However, improvedobservations of proto-clusters over large regions of sky will certainly shedmore light on the assembly of galaxy clusters, and whether or not they buildtheir galaxies through episodic bursts as suggested here. [abridged]

The Ubiquity of Coeval Starbursts in Massive Galaxy Cluster Progenitors