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We introduce a new class of solutions for Apodized Pupil Lyot Coronagraphs(APLC) with segmented aperture telescopes to remove broadband diffracted lightfrom a star with a contrast level of $10^{10}$. These new coronagraphs providea key advance to enabling direct imaging and spectroscopy of Earth twins withfuture large space missions. Building on shaped pupil (SP) apodizationoptimizations, our approach enables two-dimensional optimizations of the systemto address any aperture features such as central obstruction, supportstructures or segment gaps. We illustrate the technique with a design thatcould reach $10^{10}$ contrast level at 34\,mas for a 12\,m segmented telescopeover a 10\% bandpass centered at a wavelength $\lambda_0=$500\,nm. Thesedesigns can be optimized specifically for the presence of a resolved star, andin our example, for stellar angular size up to 1.1\,mas. This would allowprobing the vicinity of Sun-like stars located beyond 4.4\,pc, therefore fullyretiring this concern. If the fraction of stars with Earth-like planets is$\eta_{\Earth}=0.1$, with 18\% throughput, assuming a perfect, stable wavefrontand considering photon noise only, 12.5 exo-Earth candidates could be detectedaround nearby stars with this design and a 12\,m space telescope during afive-year mission with two years dedicated to exo-Earth detection (one totalyear of exposure time and another year of overheads). Our new hybrid APLC/SPsolutions represent the first numerical solution of a coronagraph based onexisting mask technologies and compatible with segmented apertures, and thatcan provide contrast compatible with detecting and studying Earth-like planetsaround nearby stars. They represent an important step forward towards enablingthese science goals with future large space missions.

astrophysical journal/the astrophysical journal

Apodized pupil Lyot coronagraphs for arbitrary apertures. V. Hybrid  Shaped Pupil designs for imaging Earth-like planets with future space  observatories