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Meeting the science goals for many current and future ground-based opticallarge-area sky surveys requires that the calibrated broadband photometry isstable in time and uniform over the sky to 1% precision or better. Past surveyshave achieved photometric precision of 1-2% by calibrating the survey's stellarphotometry with repeated measurements of a large number of stars observed inmultiple epochs. The calibration techniques employed by these surveys onlyconsider the relative frame-by-frame photometric zeropoint offset and the focalplane position-dependent illumination corrections, which are independent of thesource color. However, variations in the wavelength dependence of theatmospheric transmission and the instrumental throughput induce sourcecolor-dependent systematic errors. These systematic errors must also beconsidered to achieve the most precise photometric measurements. In this paper,we examine such systematic chromatic errors using photometry from the DarkEnergy Survey (DES) as an example. We define a natural magnitude system for DESand calculate the systematic errors on stellar magnitudes, when the atmospherictransmission and instrumental throughput deviate from the natural system. Weconclude that the systematic chromatic errors caused by the change of airmassin each exposure, the change of the precipitable water vapor and aerosol in theatmosphere over time, and the non-uniformity of instrumental throughput overthe focal plane, can be up to 2% in some bandpasses. We compare the calculatedsystematic chromatic errors with the observed DES data. For the test sampledata, we correct these errors using measurements of the atmospherictransmission and instrumental throughput. The residual after correction is lessthan 0.3%. We also find that the errors for non-stellar objects areredshift-dependent and can be larger than those for stars at certain redshifts.

Assessment of Systematic Chromatic Errors that Impact Sub-1% Photometric Precision in Large-Area Sky Surveys