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Problem statement: Atherosclerosis is associated with chronic inflammation triggered by&#13; bacterial infection that activates the breakdown of extracellular matrix protein by matrix&#13; Metalloproteinases (MMPs). Zingiberaceae, a group of tropical food crops grown in Indonesia and&#13; other Southeast Asia regions, has been traditionally used for food coloring, seasoning, culinary and&#13; medicinal purposes. However, its efficacy as natural vascular protection has not been explored.&#13; Approach: The research was aimed to investigate the effects of 10 Indonesian Zingiberaceae rhizome&#13; extracts on inhibition of MMP-9 expression in human vascular endothelial cells treated with&#13; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro by conducting gelatin zymogram, Western blotting and RT-PCR&#13; assays. Results: LPS (2 &#956;g mL&#8722;1) significantly elevated the expression of MMP-9 secretion, protein&#13; and mRNA in the vascular endothelial cells. Selected Zingiberaceae exctracts (5 &#956;g mL&#8722;1), i.e.,&#13; Curcuma xanthorrhiza, C. aeruginosa, C. mangga, C. longa, Kaempferia galanga, Alpinia galanga&#13; and Zingiberaceae officinale, effectively attenuated the expression of MMP-9 secretion, protein and&#13; mRNA in LPS-induced vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, MMP-9 expression was specifically&#13; blocked by MAPK inhibitors, i.e., PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 inhibitor), SP600125&#13; (JNK inhibitor) and PI3K inhibitor (LY294002), indicating that MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways&#13; are involved in regulation of MMP-9 gene expression in LPS-induced vascular endothelial cells.&#13; Conclusion: These results suggest that selected Indonesian Zingiberaceae rhizomes with potent MMP-&#13; 9 inhibitory activity may scientifically offer the promising therapeutic target in vascular diseases,&#13; particularly atherosclerosis

american journal of biochemistry and biotechnology/american journal of biochemistry and biotechnology

Anti-Metalloproteinase-9 Activities of Selected Indonesian Zingiberaceae Rhizome Extracts in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Human Vascular Endothelial Cells In Vitro