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Problem statement: The cyclic imino acid ectoine is a widely distributed compatible&#13; solute synthesizing by halophilic and halotolerant bacteria to prevent osmotic stress at high external&#13; salinity. This water-keeping compound is used in a variety of commercial cosmetics and therapeutic&#13; products. Approach: Development of integrated, predictive functional model of the metabolic and&#13; regulatory netwoks of ectoine-producing microbes is an active area of research. In this article we&#13; present a brief overview of the current knowledge on genetic and biochemical aspects of ectoine&#13; biosynthesis in aerobic halophilic and halotolerant bacteria utilizing C1 compounds (methylotrophs).&#13; Although enzymology and genetics of the ectoine biosynthesis in methylotrophs are similar to other&#13; halophilic bacteria, the regulatory patterns are different. In all methylotrophic bacteria studied, the&#13; genes coding for specific enzymes of ectoine biosynthesis: Diaminobutyric Acid (DABA)&#13; aminotransferase (EctB), DABA acetyltransferase (EctA) and ectoine synthase (EctC) are organized&#13; into ectABC or ectABC-ask, whith is linked to gene encoding Aspartokinase isozyme (Ask).&#13; Results: Remarkably, the methylotrophic bacteria possessing a four-gene cluster showed higher&#13; halotolerance and accumulated more ectoine than bacteria with a cluster composed of three genes. The&#13; DABA acetyltransferases from three methylotrophic species have been comparatively characterized.&#13; The properties of the enzymes correlate with eco-physiological and metabolic particularities of the&#13; host. Some elements of the regulatory system governing the ectoine pathway operation have been&#13; revealed in both methane and methanol utilizing bacteria. In Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum&#13; transcription of the ectABC-ask operon is initiated from two &#963;70-like promoters and controlled by the&#13; EctR, a MarR-type negative regulator. EctR orthologs were identified in genomes of several&#13; heterotrophic halophilic bacteria. Here we present genomic data indicating that similar regulatory&#13; system may occur in diverse halophilic and halotolerant bacteria. Conclusion: Currently available data&#13; suggest that in methylotrophic bacteria the ectoine biosynthesis pathways are evolutionary well&#13; conserved, particularly with respect to the genes and enzymes involved. However, some differences in&#13; the ect-gene cluster organization and regulation could be observed

Genetic and Biochemical Aspects of Ectoine Biosynthesis in Moderately Halophilic and Halotolerant Methylotrophic Bacteria