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We examined the effects of different intensities of forest management on bird communities in the Bialowieza Forest, eastern Poland. Stands that had been managed for more than 100 years (cutting, planting, removal of dead wood) and stands that were partially protected in nature reserves (sporadic sanitary cutting, removal of dead wood until 2008) were compared with unmanaged stands in the Bialowieza National Park by surveying the bird community during three breeding seasons (2010-2012). Surveys were conducted within three forest habitats: spruce-pine (Pino-Quercetum), lime-hornbeam (Tilio-Carpinetum) and ash-alder (Fraxino-Alnetum). Results showed that habitat structure significantly affected the avian community. The basal area of live trees had a positive effect on abundance of birds, while the density of live trees had negative significant effect on bird abundance and species diversity. We also found significantly lower abundance of insectivorous birds and cavity-nesters in managed compared to unmanaged stands. Birds’ assembly in the spruce-pine and ash-alder stands were most sensitive to management. These results show both that management can be used to sustain bird communities, including species of conservation concern, and that inappropriate management may harm them.

Effects of forest management on bird assemblages in the Bialowieza Forest, Poland