Drug-Drug Interaction Extraction Based on Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit networks and Capsule Networks

Drug-drug interactions (DDI) are the pharmacological interactions of one drug to another when one patient takes more than one kind of drug simultaneously or at a certain time. DDIs may be strengthened or weakened the treatment effect or may lead to various adverse DDIs (ADDIs), which will bring inevitable harmful consequences to the patient. ADDIs are serious health hazards and sometimes even result in death [1]. It is reported that more than 300,000 deaths are caused by ADDIs per year in the USA and Europe [2]. According to data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of ADDIs harm are anywhere from 1.9 to 5 million inpatients per year. Owing to the aging of population taking multiple medications, the ADDI problem likely continues to get worse. As a result, DDIE has been taken seriously by pharmaceutical companies and drug agencies in drug safety and healthcare management. There are some DDI databases such as Drug Bank, PharmGKB and KEGG and a large number of DDI findings reported in unstructured biomedical literature [3,4]. These DDIs can help physicians and pharmacists avoid the common ADDIs, but it is known that clinical studies cannot sufficiently and ABSTRACT