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Moderate-intensity exercise induces transient oxidative stress, stimulates redox-sensitive signals, and then increases the antioxidant defense system, leading to cytoprotection. However, heavy exercise induces excessive oxidant stress, resulting in tissue injury. The increase of myeloperoxidase (MPO), an oxidant stress marker belonging to the heme peroxidase superfamily, has been also reported as a result of acute heavy exercise in healthy subjects (Suzuki et al., 1996; Nakajima et al., 2010a; Reihmane et al., 2012). MPO is found in myeloid cells, particularly in neutrophils (Ikitimur and Karadag, 2000; Tavora et al., 2009; Nakajima et al., 2010a), and plays an important role in the host defense against bacteria and viruses. On the other hand, it has been suggested to have a role in atherosclerosis through its strong oxidative capacity. MPO-mediated formation of highly reactive oxidants, hypochlorous acid (HClO), causes consumption of nitric oxide (NO) on endothelial cells and the oxidation of LDL on vascular walls in atherosclerotic regions. Therefore, the excessive generation of MPO leads to the formation of atheroma, then plaque rupture and acute coronary syndrome as well (Nicholls and Hazen, 2005; Tavora et al, 2009). Thus, MPO is a key component in the development and progression of atherosclerosis and other forms of cardiovascular diseases (Ikitimur and Karadag, 2010). In addition, daily regular exercise is known to induce anti-inflammatory effects and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with chronic low-grade systemic inflammations such as atherosclerosis (Petersen and Pedersen, 2005; Plaisance and Grandjean, 2006), resulting in a decrease of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) (Kasapis and Thompson, 2005; Fukuda et al., 2012). However, in contrast to the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise, acute high-intensity and prolonged exercise causes production of stress hormones and alterations in the circulating quantity and function of various immune cells, including leukocyte mobilization and leukocytosis (Hoffman-Goetz and Pedersen, 1994; Pedersen and Hoffman-Goetz, 2000; Peake et al., 2004; 2005a; Buttner et al., 2007), and increase of inflammatory markers, CRP and PTX3 (Nakajima et al., 2010a). The low-intensity resistance exercise under the conditions with the restriction of muscle blood flow named as KAATSU has been reported to strengthen muscles in athletes and healthy subjects, results similar to high-intensity resistance exercise (Takarada et al., 2000b; 2002; Karabult et al., 2007; Wernbom et al., 2008; Karabult et al., 2010), which is a promising method for rehabilitation in patients including cardiovascular diseases (Nakajima et al., ORIGINAL ARTICLE

The effects of low-intensity KAATSU resistance exercise on intracellular neutrophil PTX3 and MPO