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The implications of population change are wide-ranging and long-lasting. Population growth, geographical distribution and compositional change affect the need for all sorts of goods and services, including housing, transport, childcare, education, health, water and energy; labour supply, income, wealth, tax revenue, and government expenditure; land use, living space, the natural environment and the effects of climate; time use; family life; national culture and identity; inequity and inequality; crime and security; and religion (e.g. Argyrous et al. 2017; Daley and Coates 2018; Hugo 2012; Infrastructure Australia 2018; McDonald 2011; McDonald and Temple 2010; Ong et al. 2017; Pew Research Center 2017; Piketty 2014; Productivity Commission 2015, 2016; Treasury and Home Affairs 2018). The long run effect of immigration on the size and composition of Australia’s population is more than just a matter of the initial ‘plus one’ per immigrant; it continues over the lifetimes of the immigrants who remain here, is added to by births to migrant parents in Australia, and, over the longer run, will also reflect the survivorship, reproduction and emigration of second and higher order generation descendants (Schmertmann 1992). Similarly, changes to numbers of children born in any one year will affect subsequent numbers of (potential) parents, and, hence, the sizes of subsequent generations across future time. In view of breadth and duration of its various effects, the potential value of Australia implementing (and progressively refining over time) an integrated national policy to direct, anticipate, monitor and respond to population change (i.e. a ‘population policy’) would appear to be considerable.

What sort of population policy should Australia adopt? Suggestions for migration, fertility and population research policy