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In this study we accept 25 families in Diaporthales based on phylogenetic analyses using partial ITS, LSU, rpb2 and tef1-α gene sequences. Four different families associated with canker and dieback of tree hosts are morphologically treated and phylogenetically compared. These include three new families ( Diaporthostomataceae , Pseudomelanconidaceae , Synnemasporellaceae ), and one new genus, Dendrostoma ( Erythrogloeaceae ). Dendrostoma is newly described from Malus spectabilis , Osmanthus  fragrans and Quercus  acutissima having fusoid to cylindrical, bicellular ascospores, with three new species namely D. mali , D. osmanthi and D. quercinum . Diaporthostomataceae is characterised by conical and discrete perithecia with bicellular, fusoid ascospores on branches of Machilus leptophylla . Pseudomelanconidaceae is defined by conidiogenous cells with apical collarets and discreet annellations, and the inconspicuous hyaline conidial sheath when mature on Carya cathayensis , compared to morphologically similar families Melanconidaceae and Juglanconidaceae . Synnemasporellaceae is proposed to accommodate fungi with synnematous conidiomata, with descriptions of S. toxicodendri on Toxicodendron sylvestre and S. aculeans on Rhus copallina .

Families and genera of diaporthalean fungi associated with canker and dieback of tree hosts