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This presentation examines the metalinguistic motives behind semantic borrowing and calquing from Old Chinese into Japanese. Traditionally, semantic loans and calques are said to derive from homonymy and synonymy between the donor and recipient languages; however, in Japanese, no homonymy and oftentimes little synonymy are observed between the two languages. Instead, semantic loans and calques are believed to arise from prescribed translation practices such as kundoku, the word-by-word rendering of Chinese texts into Japanese, and kun-yomi, the ascribing of Japanese native words to Chinese characters. This practice of prescribed translation plays a crucial role in the historical development of Japanese.

Motives for Semantic Borrowing and Calquing from Old Chinese into Japanese