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In this work, methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr 3 ) single crystals are studied by noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). We demonstrate that the surface photovoltage and crystal photostriction can be simultaneously investigated by implementing a specific protocol based on the acquisition of the tip height and surface potential during illumination sequences. The obtained data confirm the existence of lattice expansion under illumination in MAPbBr 3 and that negative photocarriers accumulate near the crystal surface due to band bending effects. Time-dependent changes of the surface potential occurring under illumination on the scale of a few seconds reveal the existence of slow ion-migration mechanisms. Lastly, photopotential decay at the sub-millisecond time scale related to the photocarrier lifetime is quantified by performing KPFM measurements under frequency-modulated illumination. Our multimodal approach provides a unique way to investigate the interplay between the charges and ionic species, the photocarrier-lattice coupling and the photocarrier dynamics in hybrid perovskites.

Multimodal noncontact atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of organolead tribromide perovskite single crystals