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The Pangandaran Nature Reserve (PNR) includes one of the remaining lowland forests in Indonesia , s West Java province (Fig. 1). This 530-ha peninsula is connected to the mainland of Java by a narrow isthmus and offers a suitable location to conserve many rare flora and fauna such as Rafflesia patma, the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), the silver leaf monkey (Trachypithecus auratus sondaicus), several species of deer and banteng (Bos javanicus). This rich biota attracts many visitors. Most areas of the reserve are covered by forest, including a Barringtonia asiatica formation in coastal areas and secondary forest dominated by Rhodamnia cinerea, Vitex pinnata, Dillenia excelsa, and Cratoxylum formosum in inland areas. The tree height averages 25 m, and the tallest tree (Dialium indum) reached 46 m (Sumardja and Kartawinata 1977, Kool 1993). In addition, PNR included five ar tificial grazing sites that covered about 57 ha because the nature reserve started as a game reserve for ungulates in 1921. The sites were initially grassland that was dominated mainly by Imperata cylindrica (Sumardja and Kartawinata 1977). They have been under different management regimes since 1921 (no weed control for 30 to 55 years, and weed control at different intervals) in an effort to maintain the initial grassland condition. Many studies have described successional processes in grasslands and abandoned land after shifting cultivation or forest fires in several areas of Southeast Asia, and particularly Indonesia, which has the largest total area of Imperata grassland after deforestation (Garrity et al. 1997). Early successional processes and vegetational structure after intensive shifting cultivation were studied in Sabah, Malaysia (Ohtsuka 1999), and in East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Hashimoto et al. 2007). Yassir et al. (2010) studied succession in Imperata grassland in East Kalimantan after fires under different soil conditions. However, there have been no studies of Indonesian ABSTRACT The Pangandaran Nature Reserve (PNR) is a 530-ha peninsula on the southeastern coast of West Java. It was designated as game reserve for ungulates in 1934 and as a nature reserve in 1961. Four grasslands (49 ha in total) were established as grazing sites in 1921, but some were abandoned (Batu Meja for 55 years and Badeto for 30 years), and the others were irregularly managed (Nanggorak) or frequently managed (Cikamal) by cutting and burning. We compared these different management histories to describe secondary succession at these sites where we set plots to measure the diameter at breast height of all woody species taller than 130 cm and the canopy cover of all shorter individuals. At three sites except Batu Meja we recorded the maximum height and coverage of each species in transects crossing the sites. The area of open grassland decreased from 41 ha around 1977 to 4 ha in 2011. The dominant grasses in Cikamal and Nanggorak changed from tall Imperata cylindrica to low creeping grasses, Ischaemum rugosum and Eleusine indica. Melastoma malabathricum invaded these grasslands from surrounding areas. Tectona grandis (teak) has been planted in the reserve , s public-use zone since 1932 and widely invaded the grasslands. Badeto became a young secondary forest dominated by Psychotria cf. robusta and Guioa pubescens. Batu Meja has been occupied by lowland tree species such as Buchanania arborescens and Diospyros hermaphroditica. These changes suggest that management will be essential in the remaining grasslands to preserve their ability to support ungulate populations.

Secondary sucession at abandoned grazing sites, Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia