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Masting occurs in trees in SE Asian tropical forests (Appanah 1993, Chan and Appanah 1980, Yasuda et al. 1999, Numata et al. 2003) as well as those in other biomes (Sork 1993, Sork et al. 1993). Several hypotheses concerning the adaptive significance of masting have been proposed in ecological and evolutionary studies (Herrera et al. 1998, Kelly 1994, Norton and Kelly 1988). Scientists suggested that masting reduces the impact of seed predators (frugivorous mammals) on seed survival by keeping their populations low during periods between mast years (Curran and Webb 2000, Janzen 1974, Silvertown 1980). This idea is often called the ‘predator satiation hypothesis , . The hypothesis has been supported by field observations for many plant species (Crawley and Long 1995, Kelly and Sullivan 1997, Koenig et al. 1994, Shibata et al. 1998, Shibata et al. 2002, Sork 1993). Another hypothesis explaining the evolution of masting behavior is ‘pollination efficiency hypothesis , (Smith et al. 1990). According to the hypothesis, masting enhances crossbreeding among trees and dispropor tionately increases fertilization and seed set (Smith et al. 1990). This hypothesis has explained mainly masting in windpollinated species (Allison 1990, Kelly et al. 2001, Kon et al. 2005). Since most of trees in SE Asian tropical forests are pollinated by animals (Appanah and Chan 1981, Bawa 1998, Momose et al. 1998), the application of this hypothesis to the tropical forest trees has been limited. However on the other hand, there was a report showing the attraction of reproductive synchrony for pollinators and increased pollination success for a neotropical shrub species (Augspurger 1981). Finally, Inoue (1997) successfully expanded this hypothesis to tropical forest trees by introducing the idea that mass flowering increases pollinator activity through immigration and population growth and enhances crossbreeding among trees. This is called as ‘promotion of pollination ABSTRACT Masting – the synchronous production of large fruit crops of conspecific trees among years – is a life history strategy in SE Asian tree species. While the reproductive biology of masting is relatively well described, the demographic consequences of masting are poorly understood. Theoretically, irregular production of seeds (masting) is less advantageous than annual fruiting for population growth, even if seed production is proportional to fruiting interval. This is related to the mortality risk between fruiting events, which needs to be compensated by a disproportional increase in seed production in order to maintain the same population growth. To assess the demographic costs of masting for Scaphium macropodum displaying masting behavior, population dynamics of this species in a tropical rain forest in West Kalimantan, Indonesia was studied using a stochastic matrix model. Our stochastic matrix model analyses of different fruiting frequencies revealed a long-term population growth rate of 1.002 for a situation in which fruiting occurs every 16 years. The average masting frequency in the region is higher than this frequency, and we therefore expect populations of our study species to be sustained. Stochastic elasticity analysis suggested that population growth rate was rather insensitive to the level and/or frequency of seed production while it was highly sensitive to adult survival. Stochastic population growth rates were barely reduced when fruiting intervals were prolonged and a proportional increase in seed output was simulated. Hence, if irregular reproduction is combined with increased seed output during fruiting events, the demographic costs of masting may be fully compensated.

Demographic costs of masting for a Bornean rain forest tree species, Scaphium macropodum