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The color choice behavior of the tsetse fly with odor bait and without odor bait was investigated in the field in Ngruman, Kenya. Traps were made using a mixture of blue and green pigments in different ratios and then checked for their trapping efficiency. The effects of color in trapping without odor bait was the same as previous reports, i.e. more flies are attracted by blue compared with other colors. Trapping efficiency was generally augmented when odor bait was used, Howevet, trapping efficiency decreased when odor was presented with a pure blue cloth and increased at the blue-green cloth. It is concluded that blue-green cloth is the most useful material from which to make traps in order to control the tsetse fly, and thereby the incidence of sleeping sickness. Key wards; tsetse fly / color discrimination / odor bait / insect vision Tsetse flies are opportunistic feeders on the blood of living mammals, including humans, and are vectors of the trypanosome infection known as sleeping sickness when a human is infected. Practically all wild game in East Africa harbor disease-causing trypanosomes in their blood; and when a tsetse fly sucks the blood of a host animal, the blood taken into the intestine of the fly will contain these trypanosomes. Probably, the best method for eradicating trypanosome diseases is therefore to annihilate the tsetse flies, but this is neither easy nor cheap. Traps and targets have great potential as tools for sampling and control of tsetse flies. These traps and targets can use both visual and olfactory stimuli as long distance cues. In laboratory experiments, ultraviolet light is particularly attractive in a phototactic choice situation. A peak in the UV (300-350 nm) is followed by a drop between 375 nm and 4fi) nm, there is a plateau in the blue between 400-450 nm, and then a sharp drop in the attractiveness of light towards the green (475'500 nm). There is a further shallow peak in the red at about 625 nm, followed by a decline to a minimum at 700 nm (Green & Cosens, 1983). Green and Flint (1986) investigated color discrimination by tsetse flies using 53 differently colored traps in the field. They showed that materials which selectively reflected light in the bluegreen and red bands (royal blue, red) tended to be attractive, and ultraviolet bands unattractive. Among these color cues, royal blue was shown to be the most attractive. Tsetse flies are attracted to the vicinity of a stationary host by olfactory detection of host odor (Yale, 1974; Vale & Hall, 1985). When resting on the ground they can orient upwind on stimulation by host odor (Bursell, L987), and there is also evidence to suggest that tsetse flies can assess wind direction while in flight (Gibson & Brady, 1988; Colvin et a1.,1989). Tsetse flies therefore show s82 T. HANIYAMA, & R. K. SANI

Odor Bait Changes the Attractiveness of Color for the Tsetse Fly.