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Although rats show a clear behavioral preference for predictable versus unpredictable cutaneous electric shock, there have been few studies that have addressed the cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal correlates of alterations in the predictability of aversive events. The current experiments sought to measure systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and plasma levels of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and corticosterone (CORT) in three groups of rats in conditions that differed in the predictability of shock in the presence or absence of a tone. It was predicted, in line with all the major theories of preference for signaled shock, that rats receiving unpredictable shock would show the greatest elevation in cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal function. In the first experiment, contrary to expectation, rats receiving the most predictable electric shocks showed the greatest elevations in systolic blood pressure. In Experiment 2, these findings were extended to diastolic blood pressure as well. Heart rate, on the other hand, revealed no differences between complete predictability and no predictability groups. However, heart rate was significantly higher in the group receiving intermediate predictability, effects which could be due to baroreceptor function. Although plasma catecholamines revealed no group differences, CORT showed a trend for the intermediate group to be the highest. These data are discussed with reference to other physiological studies on, and to theoretical explanations of, the preference for signaled shock.

Cardiovascular, plasma catecholamine, and corticosterone responses to alterations in the predictability of electric shock in the rat