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Pocillopora acuta Lamarck, 1816, that had long been treated as a junior synonym of Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758), was resurrected in Australia based on differences in the mitochondrial open reading frame (ORF) sequences with 6-8 nucleotide differences in 840 bp (Schmidt-Roach et al. 2014). To investigate whether P. acuta exists in Japan, we collected 73 colonies with P. damicornis-like morph from eight locations that are a maximum of 44.4 km apart around Yaeyama Islands (24°13′-24′N, 123°41′-124°07′ E), southwestern-most islands of Japan, and analyzed their mitochondrial ORF sequences. We found that the DNA sequences of 72 of the 73 samples were identical to those of Australian P. acuta (e.g. JX985592-6; they are still registered as P. damicornis “type beta SSR-2012”), while the remaining one gave sequences identical to those of Australian P. damicornis (e.g. JX985597-601). Thus, DNA typing revealed that P. acuta exists abundantly at least around Yaeyama Islands. According to Schmidt-Roach et al. (2014), Pocillopora acuta has more elongated, sharper, and thinner branchlets than P. damicornis, and polyp of P. acuta looks like a brown ring. Hence, we propose a Japanese name “hosoeda-hanayasai” for P. acuta after the thinnest branchlets (“hosoeda”) among all Pocillopora spp. (“hanayasai”). However, two species from Yaeyama Islands cannot be distinguished by these characteristics (Figure 1). Besides, size of columellae and density of spinular are highly variable even in a single corallum in both two species. Therefore, the ORF sequences appear to be the only measure to distinguish the two species in Yaeyama Islands. This study certainly highlights the importance of identifying P. acuta in Japan because previous studies on “P. damicornis” might have included P. acuta. Further studies may disclose whether these “P. damicornis” morphs are indeed P. damicornis or include P. acuta. Most Pocillopora damicornis around Yaeyama Islands are Pocillopora acuta according to mitochondrial ORF sequences

galaxea

Most &lt;i&gt;Pocillopora damicornis&lt;/i&gt; around Yaeyama Islands are &lt;i&gt;Pocillopora acuta&lt;/i&gt; according to mitochondrial ORF sequences