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The Thematic Strategy on Soil (COM 231, 2006) obliges EU states to monitor and analyse the state of the soil, and to seek to use the soil in such a way that its physical, chemical and biological properties are not reduced and quality and overall productivity do not decrease. Recently, in many countries of the world, including the EU, emphasis has been placed on the decline of agrarian soils area and the deterioration of soil quality (COM 46, 2012). The quality, productivity and sustainability of soil as well as other terrestrial ecosystem renewable components (vegetation, fauna, microbiota) is determined by the ability to accumulate organic matter. SOM is a critical component of the soil–plant ecosystem, and depletion of SOM causes a loss in water holding capacity, poor aggregation, and acceleration in soil erosion, poor retention of applied nutrients, reduced soil biological and enzymatic activities (Ghani et al., 2003). The accumulation of soil organic matter (SOM), the main constituent of which is soil organic carbon (SOC), is the fixation of atmospheric CO2 through the process of photosynthesis into long-lived pools and storing in the soil. SOM is derived from a complicated mixture of fresh organic materials from plants, soil fauna, root exudates, microbial residues and chemically or physically protected substrates (von Lützow et al., 2007). The intense soil tillage combined with the simplified crop rotation and predominance of cereals together with the expansion of farming system based on crop production with reduced number of livestock intensifies the process of SOM degradation (Rutkowska and Pikuła, 2013). SOC stocks are affected not so much by climate change but by changes in land use (Brovkin et al., 2013). Tillage intensity reduction can improve soil quality (Van Groenigen et al., 2010), increase the carbon content in top soil layer (Ogle et al., 2005), result in greater soil biological activity and increase humus content (Slepetiene et al., 2010) but at the same time cause the loss of carbon in deeper soil layers (Blanco-Canqui and Lal, 2008). The impacts of tillage and organic residues on SOC are highly variable and difficult to predict, and their interactions need to be investigated under various soil, climate and cropping system conditions (Viaud et al., 2011). Different materials of various origin are used both as fertilizers and ameliorants in a heavy soils in order to preserve and increase SOC content as well as to improve negative soil properties, lime materials (Torkashvand et al., 2011; Hontoria et al., 2016) and cover crops for green manure (Tripolskaja and Šidlauskas, 2010) or for mulch (Saroa and Lal, 2003; Velykis and Satkus, 2018). The aim of the research is to evaluate the impact of soil tillage intensity and additional improvement measures on some chemical properties in different layers of clay loam soil in longterm experiment.

The impact of reduced tillage on some chemical properties of a clay loamy soil