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Underwater irradiances were measured in Lake Biwa in terms of lux, quanta (400-700 nm) and total energy in the shortwave range (300-2500 nm). The attenuation of irradiance was most rapid in energy, least in illuminance and in-between in quanta. Similar results were obtained from computations using the spectral sensitivity of sensors in conjunction with the earlier reported measurements of underwater spectral irradiance obtained for Lake Biwa. Thus, the differential attenuation of irradiance among these three expressions is due to the differences in the spectral sensitivity among the sensors together with characteristics of Lake Biwa regarding the selective absorption of spectral irradiance. Computed results also indicated that the penetration of energy flux in the range of 400-700 nm was virtually equal to that of photon flux. Analysis and discussion are extended to other lakes and marine environments reported in the literature. The significant deviations of underwater irradiance in lux from irradiance as photon flux density underscores the importance of using quanta or energy measurements in the photosynthetically active wavelength range in studies of primary production in aquatic habitats.

Comparative Measurements of Underwater Irradiance in Illuminance, Quanta and Energy in Lake Biwa