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Nematodes belonging to the genera Steinernema Travassos, 1927 and Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 are called “entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs)”. As EPNs have outstanding beneficial traits such as high pathogenicity against insects, durable survivability and host-searching ability of the infective third-stage juvenile, reproduction on artificial medium, symbiotic association with entomopathogenic bacteria, and so on (Gaugler, 2002), scientific and commercial interests in EPNs discovered numerous geographic isolates (Hominick, 2002), are still searching for new species/isolates, are developing mass-production and formulation technologies and creating commercial insecticide products composed of EPNs for pest management (Georgis et al., 2006; Kaya et al., 2006). In Japan, a series of intensive research projects for the practical utilization of the EPNs, especially an introduced species, S. carpocapsae (Weiser, 1955), were conducted from the 80s to the 90s (Ishibashi, 1992) and two introduced nematode insecticide products composed of S. carpocapsae and S. glaseri (Steiner, 1929) are being utilized in Japan nowadays. Especially an introduced nematode insecticide product composed of S. carpocapsae is widely being applied to turfgrass, vegetables, fruit trees, flowers, ornamental plants, and so on (JPPNET, 2009). On the contrary, although more than ten steinernematid species have been recorded from Japan (Mamiya and Ogura, 1990; Mamiya et al., 1995; 2001; Phan et al., 2006; Stock et al., 1998; Yoshida, 2003; 2004; 2007; Yoshida et al., 1998), so far only S. kushidai Mamiya, 1988 has been applied to control white grubs mainly in golf course turfgrass and sweet potato fields (Ando, 1995; Ogura and Oya, 1992; Oya and Kamiwada, 1990; Suzuki et al., 2000). Temperature conditions have a significant impact on infectivity of EPNs and low and high temperatures usually restrict the use of the EPNs (Griffin, 1993). For example, S. carpocapsae is generally recommended to be used at ambient temperatures between 20 and 30°C with the efficacy declining at temperatures below 15°C and above 35°C (Fujiie, 1998). The lethal effect of S. kushidai also declined on the third instar larvae of Anomala cuprea (Hope, 1839) at 10, 15 and 35°C (Fujiie et al., 1995). When examining the efficacy of EPNs against insects, it is important to monitor the temperature range at which the tested EPNs demonNematological Research Vol. 40 No. 2 December, 2010

nihon senchū gakkaishi/nihon senchu gakkaishi

Influence of temperature on pathogenicity of some entomopathogenic nematode isolates (Steinernema spp.) from Japan screened for ability to control some noctuid moth larvae