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ABSTRACT This paper presents a methodology for developing kinematic model of the humanscoliosis simulator using 3D models of spinal vertebrae reconstructed from pointclouds. The main objectives of the work are (i) to reduce the number of spinalradiographs required for measuring idiopathic spinal deformities, the most commonspine deformity (more than 80% of cases) at adolescents and (ii) improve thevisualization and measurement for better treatment planning. The reconstructed 3Dmodel is parameterized and used as a reference model for creating patient-specificanatomical models based on dimensions extracted from radiographic images (Cobbangle and dislocation of vertebrae). The methodology has been implemented anddemonstrated with a case study. Keywords: point clouds, kinematic model of spine, 3D idiopathic scoliosis simulator. DOI: 10.3722/cadaps.2010.153-161 1 INTRODUCTION Idiopathic spinal deformities are the most common spine deformities (more than 80% of cases) atadolescents and typically progresses during the adolescent growth spurt [1]. The risk of curvatureprogression is increased during puberty, when the growth rate of the body is the fastest. Scoliosis withsignificant curvature of the spine needs immediate treatment as it more likely to progress. Thetraditional way of identifying the spinal deformity is measuring the angles of scoliosis curves directlyon the X-ray films [4,5]. Three dimensional knowledge of the bony anatomy is vital in visualizing truerepresentation of anatomic structures and in the therapeutic and prognostic aspects (accuratemeasurement of irregularities and curvature in the complex spinal structures). The pre-operativereconstruction of 3D anatomical models can be performed through the use of direct 3D imagingmodalities such as CT/MR Images. However the use of such imaging is restricted to a minority ofcomplex procedures due to constraints placed by cost, availability and risks posed by unwarranteddetailed imaging (such as radiation risk). Thus an alternative to direct 3D imaging must be developedto augment procedures that currently rely on pure 2D radiographs. Developing a three-dimensionalscoliosis simulator can significantly reduce exposure of radiations as well as gaining 3D visualization,

Development of 3D Kinematic Model of the Spine for Idiopathic Scoliosis Simulation