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A survey of the saproxylic invertebrate fauna of the Cadzow oaks parkland, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, part of the Hamilton High Parks Site of Special Scientific Interest, was undertaken between April 2017 and April 2018, with additional prior test trapping having started in August 2016. Several different search methodologies were utilised, including Owen emergence traps, flight interception traps, hollow tree traps, and rot hole traps. Large numbers of a non-target group of insects thrips (Order Thysanoptera) were noted in some of the traps from the first batch to be examined and separated out for analysis. A total of 370 individuals from eight species was identified, with 85.1% of these thrips being collected by three Owen emergence traps, a novel methodology for determining the presence, or abundance, of dispersing Thysanoptera. The majority (92.4%) of the thrips represented two fungal-feeding phlaeothripid species, Hoplothrips pedicularius and H. semicaecus. This is the first report of H. semicaecus from Scotland. INTRODUCTION Hamilton High Parks is a 30.7 hectare site immediately south-east of Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, which encompasses an area of semi-natural ashand elm-dominated (Fraxinus spp. or Ulmus spp.) gorge woodland, and two separate areas of wood pasture containing parkland oaks. It is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) not only for these two types of woodland plant communities, but also for the rich saproxylic (depending on dead or decayed wood) beetle assemblage associated with the area of open canopy wood pasture containing 300 or more common oak trees (Quercus robur) that are known collectively as the Cadzow oaks (Fig. 1). The site is one of two Scottish mediaeval deer forests with many of the trees over 400 years old, and as a result the parkland is rich in dead wood content. There are fallen limbs at the base of standing trees and a number of trees exhibit hollowed out trunks. During the 1950s and early 1960s, the renowned coleopterist Roy Albert Crowson (1914-1999) and his wife Elizabeth Anne (“Betty”) Crowson (1928-2006), Fig. 1. Hamilton High Parks, South Lanarkshire, Scotland: wood pasture containing parkland oaks (Quercus robur). (Photo: J. Robinson) also a keen naturalist, collected invertebrates at Hamilton High Parks, predominantly saproxylic Coleoptera. The many rare and interesting species that they uncovered, including a number of 'Nationally Scarce' beetle species, are in part responsible for the site being designated a SSSI. Many of their specimens and notes from Hamilton High Parks, as well as those collected from Clyde Valley and other local woodland sites, were deposited in the Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow. The Crowsons' findings were published in several journals including The Glasgow Naturalist (e.g. Crowson, 1962, 1964, 1979; Crowson et al., 1966). These earlier invertebrate surveys inspired a project to return to Hamilton High Parks and undertake a modern investigation, comparing the findings with those from the 1950s and 1960s. Initial test trapping and qualitative sampling began in August 2016. This was followed by a more comprehensive survey of the saproxylic invertebrate fauna of the Cadzow oaks parkland, carried out over 12 months, between April 2017 and April 2018. The primary targets were beetles and spiders, in order to allow comparison with the findings made by the Crowsons, with saproxylic flies also targeted to further enhance knowledge of the site and ultimately help inform site management. Full results of this work will be published in due course. However, during analysis of the catch from the first batch of traps to be examined, which included trap catches from both during the initial test trapping phase and the main survey, the presence of large numbers of a non-target group of insects thrips (Order Thysanoptera) was noted in some of the traps. These thrips were isolated for separate examination and evaluation, and the results are presented here, including the occurrence of a species not previously recorded from Scotland. METHODS The primary, year-long, survey commenced on 14th April 2017. Sampling utilised a number of trapping methodologies including: 20 flight interception traps (ten hanging in the oak canopy and ten attached to the oak trunks); ten water traps (situated inside the hollow oak trunks); ten rot hole emergence traps; and ten Owen emergence traps filled with wood in varying states of decay, including wind fallen branches with relatively fresh growth, rotten tree sections with and without bark, and sections of loose bark (Fig. 2). Once set up, traps were left in situ for a full calendar year. In addition, prior to the main survey, the sampling protocol had been tested with one of each type of trap set up on 25th August 2016. In all cases, traps were checked at approximately two or three weekly intervals, occasionally at longer intervals, with the catch being removed for storage and analysis. Traps were all custom built, with a solution of 50% polypropylene glycol and 50% water placed in the trap collection bottles. There was also some qualitative searching by hand, and funnel extraction of heart rot and under loose bark. Specimens were rinsed with water and transferred to 70% ethanol for storage prior to sorting to Order level. Processing of the trap catches remains ongoing as resources, including the availability of taxon specialists, allow; trap catches are not being processed in chronological order. All survey work was planned and supervised by JR, EGH, LM and JS; trap construction, installation, monitoring, and specimen sorting were supported by numerous invaluable volunteers who are acknowledged below. Thrips were slide mounted in Canada balsam according to standard methodology (Mound et al., 2018), examined under a GT Vision GXM-L2800 compound microscope at a magnification of up to ×400, and identified using both the key in Mound et al. (1976) and a trial version of the subsequently published online key to British and Irish Thysanoptera (Mound et al., 2018). Confirmation of specific identity was made by comparison with material in the Thysanoptera collection of the Natural History Museum, London (NHM). All slide preparation, identification and evaluation of the thrips found was carried out by DWC. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the collections at The Hunterian Museum and in the private collection of DWC. RESULTS A total of 370 individual adult thrips was identified from this first batch of trap catches, representing eight species: Aptinothrips rufus Haliday, Limothrips cerealium Haliday, L. denticornis Haliday, Oxythrips bicolor (Reuter), Thrips fuscipennis Haliday (all Thripidae), Hoplothrips fungi (Zetterstedt), H. pedicularius (Haliday) and H. semicaecus (Uzel) (all Phlaeothripidae). Thrips were taken from 17 different trap catches, comprising 12 catches from seven separate Owen emergence traps, two from a single aerial flight trap, two from a single rot hole trap, and one from a hollow tree trap. Their occurrence was highly aggregated with 315 individuals (85.1%) taken from just four trap catches, from three Owen emergence traps. Furthermore, two species Hoplothrips pedicularius and H. semicaecus (Fig. 3) accounted for 92.4% of all the individuals collected. The results are presented in Table 1. Fig. 2. An Owen emergence trap being set up at Hamilton High Parks. (Photo: J. Robinson) Fig. 3. Hoplothrips semicaecus. An adult macropterous female (slide-mounted, body distended). Scalebar = 1 mm. (Photo: D.W. Collins) Thripidae Phlaeothripidae Sample Date Trap description/reference Ap tin ot hr ip s

Thysanoptera caught by emergence trapping from oak trees at Hamilton High Parks, South Lanarkshire, including Hoplothrips semicaecus (Uzel) new to Scotland