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iii List of Tables  vii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 My Challenges in Teaching Science3 My Instruction5 Research Questions6 Chapter 2: Literature Review8 Science Benchmarks and Curriculum8 Middle School Student Learning 9 Activity-and Inquiry-Based Learning 10 Cooperative Learning13 Demonstrations and Laboratories 14 Density 17 Air Pressure19 Summary 20 Chapter 3: Methodology 22 Participants22 Procedures25 Air Pressure Unit Overview27 Air Pressure Unit: Control Group, Second Hour 27 Air Pressure Unit: Demonstration Group, Third Hour 32 Air Pressure Unit: Cooperative Learning Lab Group, Fourth Hour 34 v Density Unit Overview 35 Density Unit: Control Group, Second Hour 35 Density Unit: Demonstration Group, Third Hour40 Density Unit: Cooperative Learning Lab Group, Fourth Hour40 Data Collection 41 Preand Post-Unit Tests 41 Air Pressure Unit Assignments and Labs 42 Density Unit Assignments and Labs43 Data Analysis 44 Chapter 4: Data and Results47 Air Pressure Unit47 Within Class Preand Post-Test Comparisons 47 Between Class Preand Post-Test Comparisons 48 Homework and Lab Reports 49 Summary 50 Density Unit 51 Within Class Preand Post-Test Comparisons 51 Between Class Preand Post-Test Comparisons 52 Homework and Lab Reports 54 Summary 55 Chapter 5: Conclusions 56 Implications for the Classroom58 Limitations and Further Research60 vi Summary 61 References62 Appendices68 Appendix A: Human Subjects Forms 68 Appendix B: Air Pressure Preand Post-Test71 Appendix C: Air Pressure Lecture Notes73 Appendix D: Photo of BB Model of Air Density 75 Appendix E: Photo of 15 Pound Bar Demonstration76 Appendix F: Photo of Inverted Water in a Cup Demonstration 77 Appendix G: Air Pressure Homework Assignment78 Appendix H: Weighing Air Lab 79 Appendix I: Pressure and Temperature Lab 80 Appendix J: Cloud Machine Lab 82 Appendix K: Density Preand Post-Test84 Appendix L: Density Lecture Note86 Appendix M: Density Homework Assignment88 Appendix N: Photo of a Density Column90 Appendix O: Density Column Demonstration91 Appendix P: Density Lab92 Appendix Q: Air Pressure Preand Post-Test Rubric 95 Appendix R: Density Preand Post-Test Rubric 96

Comparison of the effects of inquiry-based cooperative learning and demonstrations in science education