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iii Table of contents  iv List of Figures  ix Acknowledgements  xi CHAPTER 1  3 Introduction Existing Literature  6 Objectives of the Dissertation and Theoretical Background  11 Chapters  17 CHAPTER 2  20 Spitsbergen’s Environmental, Historical and Industrial Context Introduction  20 The Environment and Political Status of Spitsbergen  20 Economic History of the Region  26 Northern Scandinavian Industrialization  26 The Human History of Spitsbergen  31 Hunting Activities  31 Scientific Expeditions  36 Exploration  38 Political History of Spitsbergen  40 Spitsbergen’s Coal Fields before the Coal and Mineral Rush  43 Spitsbergen’s Early Coal Rush  46 Conclusions  52

Arctic network builders : the Arctic Coal Company's operations on Spitsbergen and its relationship with the environment